Umawī: Abū
ʿAlī al‐Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Khalaf al‐Umawī
Miquel Forcada
Alternate
name
al‐Khatīb
al‐Umawī al‐Qurṭubī
Born Cordova, (Spain),
1120
Died Seville, (Spain),
1205/1206
Abū
al‐Ḥasan al‐Umawī, known as al‐Khaṭīb
(the preacher), was an expert in the Islamic religious sciences and the
Arabic language. He wrote a number of treatises among which there are two
on Arabic ethnoastronomy: Kitāb al‐Luʾluʾ al‐manẓūm
fī maʿrifat al‐awqāt bi‐ʾl‐nujūm
(Book of the pearl in the necklace on the knowledge of time by means of
the stars) and Kitāb al‐Anwāʾ (Book about the
Anwāʾ). The book belongs to a genre that aims to compile astronomical
and meteorological materials from traditional Arabic lore inside the framework
of the anwāʾ, periods of 13 days defined by the risings
and settings of certain asterisms (lunar mansions) located along the lunar
ecliptic, which account for the complete solar year. Umawī's main source
is the Kitāb al‐Anwāʾ wa‐ʾl azmina
by another Cordovan, Ibn ʿāṣim
(died: 1013), who had compiled materials taken from philologists of eastern
Islam from the 8th century onward.
As a religious scholar, Umawī expanded on and completed Ibn ʿāṣim's
chapters on the procedures of Arabic folk astronomy that could help determine
the times of prayers (mīqāt) or find the direction of Mecca
(qibla). The treatise contains a method for determining night hours
based upon the appearance of the asterisms of the anwāʾ
system – this chapter seems to be related with Umawī's other astronomical
treatise mentioned above, two series of lengths of shadows cast by a gnomon
to determine prayer times (one of them written in a numerical notation,
the Rūmī ciphers, found only in Andalusia and north Africa),
and a long fragment on the possibility of observing Canopus (Suhayl)
from Muslim Spain, a star used to determine the direction of Mecca. The
author seems to be aware of more sophisticated forms of astronomy as he
mentions two unusual sundials, the mīzān fazārī
and the mukḥūla.
There are two possible reasons for Umawī's interest in continuing
a tradition that by his time was two centuries old: First, the rulers of
the period, the Almohads, used to train their sons in the observation of
the asterisms of the anwāʾ system; and second, the Almohad
mosques, unlike those built by their predecessors, the Almoravids, were
often directed toward the rising of Canopus. About a century later, this
treatise was used by the famous Moroccan astronomer Ibn
al‐Bannāʾ as a source for his Kitāb fī
al‐anwāʾ (Book on the anwāʾ). Only
the second treatise has come down to us, albeit in fragmentary form (preserved
in El Escorial Library, MS 941).
Selected References
Forcada, Miquel (1990). “Mīqāt en los calendarios
andalusíes.” Al‐Qantar 11:
59–69.
———
(1992). “Les sources andalouses du calendrier d'Ibn al‐Bannāʾ
de Marrakech.” In Actas del II Coloquio Hispano‐Marroquí de Ciencias
Históricas: Historia, ciencia y sociedad, pp. 183–196. Madrid: Agencia
Española de Cooperación Internacional.
———
(1993). El Kitāb al‐anwāʾ wa‐l‐azmina
al‐qawl fī l‐šuhūr de Ibn ʿĀṣim (Tratado sobre los anwāʾ y los tiempos –
capítulo sobre los meses). Fuentes Arabico‐Hispanas,
15. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas.
———
(1994). “Esquemes d'ombres per determinar el moment de les pregàries en llibres
d'anwāʾ i calendaris d'al‐Andalus.” In Actes de
les I Trobades d'Història de la Ciència i de la Tècnica, edited by J.
M. Camarasa, H. Mielgo, and A. Roca, pp. 107–118. Barcelona: Societat Catalana
de Física‐Secció de Ciència i Tècnica de l'Institut Menorquí d'Estudis‐Societat
Catalana d'Història de la Ciència i de la Tècnica.
——— (1998).“Books
of Anwāʾ in al‐Andalus.” In The Formation of al‐Andalus,
Part 2: Language, Religion, Culture and the Sciences,
edited by Maribel Fierro and Julio Samsó, pp. 305–328. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Ibn al‐Abbār (1887). Al‐Takmila li‐Kitāb
al‐Ṣila, edited by F. Codera. Madrid: Biblioteca Arabico‐Hispana
(V–VI), Biography no. 46.
Rius,
Mònica (2000). La alquibla en al‐Andalus y al‐Magrib al‐Aqsà.
Barcelona: Institut “Millàs Vallicrosa”
d'Història de la Ciència árab.